Thousands of people who have poured into the city of el-Obeid hoping to find shelter from Sudan's raging civil war have found themselves under threat again, amid warnings that paramilitary fighters are preparing to descend on the army-controlled city.
Clashes between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and the military has escalated in the North Kordofan region - a critical target for both sides in the conflict which could open a gateway into contested territory.
Displaced people have flocked to el-Obeid, which remains heavily defended by the Sudanese military, despite ongoing strikes being carried out on the city as paramilitary forces advance. The UN's International Organization for Migration (IOM) said it has become a key refuge for people escaping ongoing violence in the surrounding areas.
Satellite imagery shows the main displacement camp has expanded significantly since March, with aid workers reporting dozens of new arrivals each day.
"Families have run out of safe options to protect themselves," Mohamed Refaat, IOM chief of mission in Sudan, said. "Many have already been displaced before and are once again forced to leave behind their homes, livelihoods and support networks."
The UN and G7 foreign ministers have now issued warnings that the RSF may be preparing to attack the city, raising fears that atrocities akin to those seen during the massacre in el-Fasher could be repeated. Thousands of people were killed in mass executions after the paramilitary overran SAF troops defending the city last October, in one of the worst atrocities since the civil war began in 2023.
Fears of similar reprisals occurring in el-Obeid have grown for weeks and verified footage now shows dozens of heavily armed RSF troops in armoured trucks stationed in Nyala, a key nearby stronghold, vowing to "liberate" the city.
Meanwhile, the Sudanese military appears to be digging in and building a defensive berm - or earth wall - around the city, satellite images suggest. Unlike the one built around el-Fasher by the RSF last year, which trapped people inside the besieged city, this appears to be defensive and aimed at keeping attackers out.
On Monday, the military also said that a massive operation had secured a vital highway between el-Obeid and the capital, Khartoum. In response, the RSF's leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, who is known as Hemedti, said he was "unleashing" his fighters and ordered his front-line commanders to "move straight forward. No more retreat. No more hesitation".
Nohad Eltayeb, Senior Research Assistant at Acled, told BBC Verify that the city is a key hub for both sides to the conflict.
"It is the critical juncture connecting RSF-controlled western territories with the military-held central and White Nile regions," Eltayeb said.
She added that the RSF "need to regain momentum following territorial losses in the eastern Blue Nile region, alongside internal instability and defections within its Darfur strongholds".
The joint EU/G7 warning of atrocities in el-Obeid urged all "external actors" to suspend "armed, logistical, or financial support to the parties to the conflict". Earlier this month the European Parliament expressly named the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a key backer of the RSF. Emirati officials have repeatedly denied the allegations.
Alan Boswell, Crisis Group's Horn of Africa Group director, suggested that the flurry of early Western interventions may be motivated by the failure to avert the el-Fasher massacre - which was the culmination of an extended siege and RSF build-up.
"Many are trying to turn up the volume on those warnings to prevent another round of mass atrocities in el-Obeid," he said.
"The key is if world leaders will put enough pressure on the RSF and its main backer to make a difference this time."
